What were the key economic sectors that grew on Mallorca due to Castilian influence, and how sustainable were they?

Following the Castilian conquest of Mallorca in the 13th century, the island experienced significant economic transformation driven by the integration of mainland Spanish practices and markets. One of the key sectors that flourished was agriculture, particularly the cultivation of cereals, olives, and vineyards. Castilian settlers introduced new farming techniques and land management systems, which increased productivity and expanded the export of agricultural goods. This agricultural boom was largely supported by the fertile plains of Mallorca, enabling the island to become a critical supplier of foodstuffs to mainland Spain and Mediterranean markets.

Another sector that grew under Castilian influence was the textile industry, supported by the island’s production of wool and flax. The establishment of new trade connections helped Mallorcan textiles reach wider markets, stimulating local craftsmanship and economic diversity. Additionally, maritime trade expanded considerably due to Mallorca's strategic location in the western Mediterranean. The island became a vital trading hub, with goods such as wine, olive oil, dried fruits, and textiles being exported, while imports of raw materials and luxury items supported local consumption and artisanship.

Although these industries contributed significantly to the island's economy, their sustainability was mixed. Agricultural production largely depended on Mediterranean climate conditions, which were generally favorable but vulnerable to drought and soil depletion from intensive farming. The textile industry faced challenges related to fluctuating demand and competition from other regions. Maritime trade offered resilience but was susceptible to geopolitical conflicts and piracy, which periodically disrupted economic stability. Overall, Castilian influence helped develop sectors that bolstered Mallorca’s economy for centuries, but their long-term sustainability required ongoing adaptation to environmental and political changes.