What geological processes contributed to the formation of Mallorca's mountain ranges?

Mallorca's mountain ranges, particularly the Sierra de Tramuntana in the northwest, were formed primarily through tectonic and erosional processes. The island is located near the boundary of the African and Eurasian tectonic plates, which has led to considerable geological activity. Around 30 million years ago, the collision of these plates caused significant uplift, giving rise to the rugged mountain formations seen today.

The mountain range showcases a variety of rock types, including limestone and sandstone, which are products of ancient marine environments. Over millions of years, these rocks have been shaped by erosion from both water and wind, resulting in steep cliffs and deep gorges. Glacial processes during the Ice Ages also played a role, carving valleys and shaping the topography.

Additionally, the island's unique karst landscape is a result of limestone dissolution, creating features such as caves and sinkholes. This combination of tectonic uplift, erosion, and karstification has resulted in the diverse and dramatic geological features that characterize Mallorca's mountainous regions today.