What is the significance of holm oak trees in the Mediterranean ecosystem?

Holm oak trees, or *Quercus ilex*, play a crucial role in the Mediterranean ecosystem, particularly in regions like Mallorca. These evergreen oaks are well-adapted to the region's dry, hot summers and mild, wet winters, providing essential habitat for various wildlife species. Their dense foliage offers food and shelter for birds, mammals, and insects, contributing to the region's biodiversity.

Holm oaks also play a significant role in soil preservation and erosion control, with their extensive root systems helping to stabilize the soil and reduce runoff. The leaves and acorns of holm oaks are a vital food source, supporting various herbivores and thereby contributing to the food chain. Additionally, their ability to sequester carbon makes them important in combating climate change.

Culturally, holm oaks have historical significance in Mediterranean societies, often being associated with traditional land use practices, such as the grazing of livestock beneath their canopy—an agro-sylvo-pastoral system that enhances land productivity. Overall, holm oak trees are integral to both the ecological stability and cultural heritage of the Mediterranean region.